The Battle of Shiloh, also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, was a major battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, fought on April 6 and 7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. The battle was named after Shiloh Methodist Church, a small chapel near Shiloh Landing on the Tennessee River. The battle was fought between the Confederate Army of Mississippi, led by Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard, and the Union Army of the Tennessee, commanded by Major General Ulysses S. Grant. The Confederates launched a surprise attack on Grant’s army, aiming to defeat it before the anticipated arrival of Major General Don Carlos Buell’s Army of the Ohio.
On the first day of battle, the Confederates achieved considerable success, driving the Union forces back towards the Tennessee River. However, the tide turned on the second day. The delayed arrival of Buell’s reinforcements, along with a counterattack led by Grant, reversed the Confederate gains and forced them to retreat, ending the battle.
The Battle of Shiloh was one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War up to that point. The Union suffered around 13,000 casualties out of 63,000 troops, and the Confederates had approximately 10,700 out of 40,000. The high casualty rate shocked both the North and South and signaled a long and bloody conflict ahead. The battle was significant for several reasons. It marked the end of the early war optimism, especially in the Confederacy, who had hoped to block Union advances into the South by controlling the Tennessee River. It also solidified Grant’s reputation as a capable leader, despite criticism over his unpreparedness for the Confederate attack. Furthermore, the Union’s victory at Shiloh opened the way for its advance into the heart of the Confederacy, leading to the capture of Corinth, a crucial rail junction, a month later.
The Civil War was a time of unprecedented violence and suffering, and nowhere was this more evident than in the battlefield hospitals. These makeshift medical facilities were often set up in existing buildings, such as the Chimborazo Hospital in Richmond, Virginia, which was established in a commandeered set of wooden barracks. The hospital quickly became one of the largest and most sophisticated in the Confederacy, with a staff of surgeons, nurses, and slaves hired from their owners. At its peak, the number of patients at Chimborazo approached 4,000, most of whom were sick rather than wounded. Over the course of the war, approximately 75,000 patients passed through its doors, with an estimated 5,000 to 7,000 deaths. The conditions in these hospitals were horrific. The sudden burden of caring for so many men hit the opposing governments a staggering blow. The scent of sweat, filth, smoke, and gangrene wafted through the buildings. The sounds of surgeries, soldiers’ cries for help, and the shuffle of feet filled the air. Most wounded soldiers arriving there from the battlefield had been injured several days earlier, had received emergency treatment soon thereafter, and then went to Chimborazo by railroad or ambulance.
Another example is the Ben Lomond Historic Site, a former plantation that was converted into a field hospital after the First Battle of Bull Run. Its rooms were packed with recreated Civil War-era medical tools. The sounds and smells were evocative, and even your tastebuds could get involved in the action, as you had a chance to sample the typical food the patients were served. The George Spangler Farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was another significant Civil War field hospital site, where upwards of 1,900 men, including Confederate Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Armistead, were treated for wounds both minor and fatal. Visitors to the site today can walk in the footsteps of those who experienced the carnage left from the aftermath of the battle of Gettysburg. These hospitals were not for the faint of heart. They were places of intense suffering and death, where the harsh realities of war were laid bare. Yet, they were also places of incredible resilience and humanity, where doctors, nurses, and volunteers worked tirelessly to save as many lives as they could under the most challenging of circumstances.